4B_Making+sugar

23/04/10 Things with enzymes -detergents -jam comes from fruits -fruits a container for seeds

-storage roots e.g. potato contains starch for plant to grow has another enzyme besides diatase - catalase

-seeds contains genetic material contains starch, possibly protein enzymes(diatase) in seeds to digest starch, to provide energy(maltose then glucose) for growth starch to glucose, water is needed - the process is called hydrolysis opposite of hydrolysis is condensation, water is given off to kill seeds, heat them

ENZYMES definition -biological catalysts -that speed up reactions -complex protein or conjugated proteins -produced by living cells -highly specific -affected by temperature and pH

Decomposition: H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) -> H2O + O2 can add liver or potato (because they contain catalase) for decomposition reaction liver is chemical catalyst potato is biological catalyst

Types of enzyme action -anabolic e.g. photosynthesis synthesizes products -catabolic e.g. digestion e.g. catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen breaks down products

Apples turn brown (oxidation) -enzymes speed up the process of oxidation -for a cooked apple, enzymes had been denatured that’s why it doesn’t oxidise after one hour -but may turn brown if left for longer

For detergents, don’t use warm temperature of the water because enzymes in the water will get denatured and won’t be as effective Pepsin found in stomach Chymotrypsin and trypsin(protease) found in small intestine

MAKING SUGAR What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of making sugar from starch, instead of using cane sugar? Advantages: -it is faster and more efficient than having to grow sugar cane -more sugar can be obtained since starch is in much more abundance than sugar cane

Disadvantages: -more technology is required -sugar becomes discoloured and is probably not as pure -high temperatures needed in the process means more energy wasted

What is hydrolysis? -the process of converting starch to glucose

What are the advantages of using enzymes to make glucose from starch, instead of using boiling acid? -it is a much faster and cheaper alternative -it is safe -glucose obtained is much more pure and not discoloured

Why would Aspergillus secrete amylase externally in nature? -to break down the material it is growing on, so that it can grow on it -to obtain nutrients from the material it is growing on, it needs to break it down

If you were a food manufacturer, why would you want to replace glucose with a sugar that was twice as sweet? -food can then be sweeter and more tasty -sales will then go up

What factors affect how well an enzyme works? -temperature -pH -presence of inhibitors

Which conditions inside the bioreactor will have to be constantly measured and controlled? -temperature -pH

Why is it possible that the enzymes can be reused as many times as possible? -they are not denatured, since temperature and pH are kept at optimum -they can break down other starch molecules which have about the same shape as theirs (lock and key)

From your knowledge of the plasma membrane, describe where the enzymes would be stuck in. -the plasma membrane itself -many proteins can be found in the membrane

Name a few other uses of enzymes found in your home or industry. -used to make beer -used in detergents and cleaning agents 